show Abstracthide AbstractHIV-1 genome shows larger genetic diversity over time, including generation of recombinant forms (RFs). Conventionally, detection of RFs requires cloning or single genome amplification to distinguish them with dual or multiple infection cases. However, these processes are time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this project, we applied a nanopore sequencing method to characterize inter-subtype RFs and HIV-1 heterologous variant mixtures (i.e., dual infection samples) by using amplicons of HIV-1 near full-length genomes derived from clinical samples.